In the handling of the education of English
literature, literary scholars have compartmentalized British literature into
what is here referred to as "periods". While the precise accounts of
dates, names and other details vary, the following chronology conforms to
widespread agreement among today's literary historians and
scholars. Following the chart below, are succinct descriptions of each
period with brief mentioning’s of the major contributors of said period.
450-1066 : Olde English (or Anglo-Saxon)
1066-1500 : Middle English Period
1500-1660 : The Renaissance
1558-1603 : Elizabethan Age
603-1625 : Jacobean Age
1625-1649 : Caroline Age
1649-1660 : Commonwealth Period (or Puritan
Interregnum)
1660-1785 : The Neoclassical Period (or the Age of
Reason)
1660-1700 : The Restoration
1700-1745 : The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
1745-1785 : The Age of Sensibility (or Age of
Johnson)
The Olde English or Anglo-Saxon period literature
comes from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes at the earlier
part of the 5th Century through to England's subjection under William the
Conqueror in 1066. The Old English period bore a maturation from oral
tradition, paving the way for 8th century literature in the Anglo-Saxon
argot. From this period is born the epic Beowulf.
The Middle Ages consists of literature produced in
the four and one half centuries between the Norman Invasion of 1066 'til about
1500, when the common language of literature, born of London, becomes
recognized as "Modern English". The writings of the first half
of the 14th century, were comprised primarily of religious belief and
observance, however the later half instituted the first great age of secular
literature. From here comes the master work The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer and
the anonymously quilted, alliterative poem Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight.
With the ascension of the House of Tudor to the
English throne in 1485, the Renaissance Era is commenced. Fifteen years later,
the literary Renaissance begins with humanist writers; the "martyred"
Sir Thomas More, and the man who is credited to writing the first sonnets in
English; Sir Thomas Wyatt. This Renaissance can be divided into a subset
of four ages; The Elizabethan, The Jacobean, The Caroline and the Puritan
Interregnum.
The Elizabethan Age in English Literature co-occurs
with the reign of Elizabeth I, during which medieval tradition is merged with
the creative ingenuity of the Renaissance. The Elizabethan Age spawned an
unexampled wealth of the literary arts, especially in the fields of prose and
lyric poetry. This is the age of the incomparable brilliance of Edmund Spencer,
Sir Walter Raleigh and the illustrious immortal: William Shakespeare.
The Jacobean Age coincides with the reign of James
I, during which literature wielded works of more thematic sophistication. Aside
from its most notable contribution: the King James Version of the Holy Bible,
the Jacobean age in literature produced many volumes rich with socially
conscious, dramatic prose. This is the era of such literary luminaries as
Francis Bacon, Thomas Middleton and John Donne. Elizabethan Agers Shakespeare
and Ben Johnson, continued to produce works throughout this age as well.
The Caroline Age in literature coincides with the
sovereign Charles I and is marked by works of lordly refinement and elegance.
Known best for its "Cavalier Poets"; a romance-filled yet witty
circle of bards, whose poetry embodied the culture of pre-Commonwealth, upper
class England. The circle's leading scribes where Robert Herrick, Richard
Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew.
The Puritan Interregnum or Commonwealth Period of
English literature includes the works of the time of Puritan Leader Oliver
Cromwell. From this period came the prose of Andrew Marvel, the political works
of John Milton and the political treatise Leviathan, penned by Thomas
Hobbes.
The Neo-classical Period or The Age of Reason
English Literature was highly influenced by the French literature of its
age. It adheres to the decorous language and form derived mostly from
classical antiquity, whilst expressing an emphasis of impersonal universal
truths (empirically based) didactically, with satire. The Neo-classical
Period marks the first great age of English literary criticism. Similar to
The English Renaissance, the Neo-classical period can be also divided into
subsets, this time of three; The Restoration, The Augustan Age and The Age of
Sensibility.
The Restoration (1660 - 1700) - as to reflect the
restoration of the monarchy and social morale from the unjust rigidity of the
previous religious and political zealotry of both the Commonwealth and
Protectorate, The Restoration era proved a breakthrough in enlightenment, which
resulted in the revival of drama and the re-opening of the theatres, closed
since 1642. The Restoration produced some of the worlds most wittiest and
licentious poetry and prose, some works, tinged with its distinctive brand of
comedy of manners, became known as Restoration Comedy. Major authors of
the Restoration period include the diversified company of: John Dryden, John
Locke and the Second Earl of Rochester, the notorious John Wilmot. From
The Restoration period emerged the publication of the majestic Satanic Epic:
Paradise Lost, by John Milton.
The Augustan Age takes its name from the literary
period of Horace, Ovid, Propertius, Tibullus, Virgil under the rule of Roman
Emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). In English literature, the Augustan Age,
1700 - 1745, refers to a literature with prevailing characteristics of
gentility, limpidity, perspicacity and elegance. The better known authors here
include the satirist; Jonathan Swift, the popular Samuel Richarson author of
Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740) and the highly regarded and most esteemed;
Alexander Pope. The Age and Sensibility or the Age of Johnson, named after
the period's leading literary scholar and critic; Samuel Johnson, places
emphasis on the importance on sensibility or emotional sentience. Empathy for
the Middle Ages kindles an interest in medieval balladry and folk literature
forming a transition between the "rationality" of the Age of Reason
or Neoclassical period with the emotional responsiveness of the Romantic
period.
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