A clause
is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate
and a subject
(though sometimes the subject is implied). A collection of
grammatically-related words without a subject or without a predicate is called
a phrase.
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences:
every sentence consists of one or more clauses. This chapter will help you to recognize and (more importantly) to use different types of clauses in your own
writing.
If a clause can stand alone as a sentence,
it is an independent
clause, as in the following example:
Independent
the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as
sentences: in this case, they are dependent
clauses or subordinate
clauses. Consider the same clause with
the subordinating
conjunction "because" added to the beginning:
Dependent
when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by
itself, since the conjunction
"because" suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for
something else. Since this dependent clause answers the question
"when," just like an adverb,
it is called a dependent
adverb clause (or simply an adverb
clause, since adverb clauses are always dependent clauses). Note how the clause
can replace the adverb "tomorrow" in the following examples:
adverb
The committee will meet tomorrow.
adverb clause
The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.
Dependent clauses can stand not only for adverbs, but
also for nouns
and for adjectives.
A noun clause
is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.
Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject
or object
of a verb
or the object of a preposition,
answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the
following examples:
noun
I know Latin.
noun clause
I know that
Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.
In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts
as the direct object
of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause
"that Latin ..." is the direct object.
In fact, many noun clauses are indirect
questions:
noun
Their destination
is unknown.
noun clause
Where they are going is unknown.
The question "Where are they going?," with a
slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a
larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject
of the verb "is."
Here are some more examples of noun clauses:
about what you
bought at the mall
This noun clause is the object of the preposition
"about," and answers the question "about what?"
Whoever broke the vase will have
to pay for it.
This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will
have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to
pay?"
The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again.
This noun clause is the object of the verb
"hope," and answers the question "what do the fans
hope?"
An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an
adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause
modifies a noun or pronoun,
answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"
Consider the following examples:
Adjective
the red
coat.
Adjective clause
the coat which
I bought yesterday.
Like the word "red" in the first example,
the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example
modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes
after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before.
In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the
relative
pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which."
In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it
is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the
relative pronoun in formal, academic writing:
informal
The books people read were mainly religious.
formal
The books that
people read were mainly religious.
informal
Some firefighters never meet the people they save.
formal
Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.
Here are some more examples of adjective clauses:
the meat which
they ate was tainted
This clause modifies the noun "meat" and
answers the question "which meat?".
about the movie which made him cry
This clause modifies the noun "movie" and
answers the question "which movie?".
they are searching for the one who borrowed the book
The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and
answers the question "which one?".
Did I tell you about the author whom I met?
The clause modifies the noun "author" and
answers the question "which author?".
An adverb clause
is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or
phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?",
"where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and
"under what conditions?".
Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the
following example:
adverb
The premier gave a speech here.
adverb clause
The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.
Usually, a subordinating conjunction like
"because," "when(ever)," "where(ever),"
"since," "after," and "so that," will introduce
an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand
alone as a complete sentence:
independent clause
they left the locker room
dependent adverb clause
after they left the locker room
The first example can easily stand alone as a
sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened
"after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of
adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and
condition:
cause
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's
father.
The adverb clause answers the question
"why?".
effect
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.
The adverb clause answers the question "with what
goal/result?".
time
After Hamlet's uncle
Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.
The adverb clause answers the question
"when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often
appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.
place
Where the whole Danish court
was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his
uncle's guilt.
The adverb clause answers the question
"where?".
condition
If the British co-operate, the
Europeans may achieve monetary union.
The adverb clause answers the question "under
what conditions?"
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